Reasons for Self-employment in Later Life Vary by Gender, Culture


Original article written by Diamond Dixon
Self-employment can allow older workers to stay in the labor market longer and earn additional income, yet little research has addressed if reasons for self-employment vary across gender and culture. Now, University of Missouri researchers have studied factors that contribute to self-employment and found these factors differ for men and women in the United States and New Zealand.

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"Gender is one of the most enduring social factors in the U.S. and New Zealand, a fact that is particularly evident in differing economic opportunities for men and women and their decisions to be self-employed," said Angela Curl, an assistant professor in the MU School of Social Work and the study's lead author.

Men more likely to be self-employed
Curl analyzed survey data from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study of U.S. adults and the New Zealand Longitudinal Study of Aging and found that men in each country were more likely than women to be self-employed. Curl said this result could reflect a greater willingness of men to take on risks associated with self-employment, a larger savings to buffer business losses or failures, or more opportunities for men to engage in entrepreneurial ventures.

Self-employment by choice or of necessity
In both countries, female workers who were self-employed appeared to have fewer economic resources, were less likely to receive pensions and were less likely to have employed spouses. These findings may suggest that older male workers may choose self-employment whereas women may be forced into self-employment because of financial necessity, Curl said.

"The results seem to suggest a complex interplay between cultural norms and retirement policies in the two countries,"Curl said. "Self-employment may help older adults remain productively engaged in society and should be encouraged."

"American policymakers could reduce barriers to self-employment by offering and promoting small business loans for start-up costs," Curl said. "If older adults delay claiming Social Security benefits remain in the labor force and continue paying taxes, some of the pressure on the Social Security retirement system would be reduced."
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Story Source: Materials provided by University of Missouri-Columbia, written by Diamond Dixon. Angela Curl et al. Gender Differences in Self-Employment of Older Workers in the United States and New Zealand. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, March 2014 

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